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An historic snapshot of Tunisia during the first decade of the 2000s is presented. Since then, however, Tunisia has been transformed politically and socially by the Tunisian Revolution, which commenced in early 2011. Quickly Ben 'Ali was overthrown and left the country, his political party the Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique was disbanded. Over the next several years the government structure of Tunisia has been gradually reconstituted by democratic means.〔Nouri Gana, "Collaborative Revolutionism" pp. 1-31, in ''The Making of the Tunisian Revolution. Contexts, architects, prospects'' (Edinburgh University 2013), edited by Nouri Gana.〕〔Cf., Joseph Abadi, ''Tunisia since the Arab Conquest'' (Reading UK: Ithaca Press 2013), pp. 544-545.〕 ==Ben 'Ali regime== Ben 'Ali in 1987 had constitutionally removed from office the former leader Habib Bourguiba (1903-2000, President 1957-1987). Ben 'Ali himself then won election as the new president.〔Kenneth J. Perkins, ''History of Modern Tunisia'' (Cambridge University 2004) pp. 175, 185).〕 The change in leadership "took place in complete calm" and the new regime inherited "a well-established party ''nomenclatura''".〔Andrew Borowiec, ''Modern Tunisia. A democratic apprenticeship'' (Westport: Praeger 1998) p. 131 (quotes).〕 In 2004 Ben'Ali was reelected for a five-year term, with a reported 94.5% of the vote. Elected also were 189 members of the ''Majlis al-Nuwaab'' or Chamber of Deputies, whose term was also five years. In addition, there was a Chamber of Advisors composed of 126 members with six-year terms; of these 85 are selected by: government subdivisions (e.g., municipalities), professional associations, and trade unions (yet 14 union members boycotted the process); the other 41 members were appointed by the President. The court system remained a combination of French Civil Law and Islamic law.〔(''The World Factbook'' on "Tunisia" ) (accessed commencing 2006).〕 The autocratic rule of Ben 'Ali was extended in 2009 by his reelection, reportedly at 99.44%.〔Kenneth Perkins, "Playing the Islamic card: the use and abuse of Religion in Tunisian politics" pp. 58-80, at p. 73, in Nouri Gana (2013).〕 A widely supported human rights movement had emerged, initiated by trade unionists, lawyers, and journalists, in addition to being joined by aggrieved Islamists. Tunisia's political institutions, however, often appeared to remain fixed in an authoritarian past. As reported in 2001, the government's response to calls for reform had been house arrests and prison.〔Moncef M. Khaddar, "Tunisia" at 848-850, 849-850, in Joel Krieger (ed.), ''Oxford Companion to Politics of the World'' (2001).〕 The government refused to cease its repression of the Islamist opposition party, due to prior terrorist activity. Generally, the Ben 'Ali regime's governance of the country included fostering a political climate considered rigid, from time to time using objectionable police methods to repress dissent.〔Abadi, ''Tunisia since then Arab Conquest'' (2013) pp. 508-511, 512-515〕 Before becoming president Ben 'Ali had been "a police and security specialist" who during his military career once led the Gendarmerie National.〔Perkins, ''A History of Modern Tunisia'' (2004) pp. 175, 209. On political repression of the Ben Ali regime: pp. 194, 197, 198, 201-202, 210.〕 In foreign affairs, Tunisia continued its close ties to the West. Nonetheless, the Arab League secretariat, which had moved to Tunis from Cairo in 1979, before Ben 'Ali's presidency, remained until 1991 when it relocated back to Cairo. An association agreement with the European Union, signed in 1995, was scheduled to move Tunisia toward full free trade with the EU by 2008.〔Khaddar, "Tunisia" at 849 (2001) re Arab League, European Union.〕 Following the 2001 al-Qaeda attacks on the United States, Tunisia stood with the west against terrorism. Within the Maghreb, efforts continued to form a regional unity with Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Mauritania]], in the Arab Maghreb Union. Yet for Tunisia, "over 90 percent of its trade () with Europe, most of it with France."〔Borowiec, ''Modern Tunisia'' (1998), p. 134 (trade quote).〕 From the perspective of the first decade of the 21st century, Tunisia pursued a moderate strategy in its foreign relations, actively associated with the west, yet nurturing its ties to the developing world.〔Cf., Abadi, ''Tunisia since then Arab Conquest'' (2013) pp. 515-530; terrorism 516, 523; Maghreb 516-518; Europe 520-526; USA 516, 526-529.〕 In managing the economy the Ben 'Ali regime was said to have mostly "met with success" yet it was a success "built on the repressive institutions and personality cult" of an earlier era.〔Khaddar, "Tunisia" pp. 849, 850.〕 "Within the regional Maghrebi context, Tunisia has been relatively efficient in instituting economic reforms, and its economy was the strongest in terms of growth, stability, and integration into a wider global market." A favorable factor was the motivated "entrepreneurial middle class".〔Abadi, ''Tunisia since the Arab Conquest'' (2013) p. 532.〕〔Cf., Georgie Anne Geyer, ''Tunisia. A journey through a country that works'' (London: Stacy International 2003).〕 Although many Tunisians disliked the regime's authoritarian repression, in compensation there was the government's ability to develop the country. "Tunisia's strong economy throughout most of the Ben 'Ali era helped to neutralize political opposition."〔Perkins, ''History of Modern Tunisa'' (2004) p. 202.〕 Yet under Ben 'Ali, the modernizing privatization of state enterprises became corrupted at its root, benefitting insiders and family members. Thereafter the corruption in the regime multiplied and became notorious.〔Emma C. Murphy, "Under the Emperor's Neoliberal clothes! Why the International Financial Institutions got it wrong in Tunisia" pp. 35-57, at pp. 46-50, in Nouri Gana (2013).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2000s in Tunisia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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